Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and Obesity: Adult Obesity Facts. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature.
Obes Rev. Childhood body mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med. Dietz WH. Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality.
J Nutr. Adiposity in childhood predicts obesity and insulin resistance in young adulthood. Don't miss your FREE gift. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health , plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise , pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School.
Recent Blog Articles. Health news headlines can be deceiving. Why is topical vitamin C important for skin health? Preventing preeclampsia may be as simple as taking an aspirin.
Caring for an aging parent? Tips for enjoying holiday meals. A conversation about reducing the harms of social media. Menopause and memory: Know the facts. How to get your child to put away toys. Is a common pain reliever safe during pregnancy? For example, Rexrode et al. Gallstones are fairly common, and whereas many are asymptomatic, they can cause pain and inflammation and often lead to treatment with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Although gallstones do form in lean adults, the relationship between weight and gallstone formation is very strong. Compared with women in the healthy weight range, overweight women have close to twice the risk of developing gallstones, and obese women have 2.
Gallstones are more common in women; however, similar trends of increased risk with higher BMI have also been seen in men More than 20 million people in the United States have osteoarthritis This condition, characterized by the degeneration of the joint cartilage, can cause severe pain and functional limitations.
It is a leading cause of disability and also the most common reason for joint replacement surgery. Compared with their leaner peers, overweight adults are at increased risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee 45 and are more than twice as likely to develop osteoarthritis in the hip Overweight and obesity are also associated with an increased risk of knee and hip replacement surgery In addition to the diseases discussed above, overweight and obesity also increase the risk of a large variety of other conditions, including dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, asthma 4 , cataracts 47 — 49 , benign prostatic hypertrophy 50 , menstrual irregularities, pregnancy complications, depression, and social discrimination 4.
Obesity also negatively affects physical functioning, vitality 51 , and general quality of life Excess weight not only causes widespread health effects, but it also results in a tremendous economic burden. Assessing this economic cost is an additional method of summarizing the broad impact of the epidemic on society.
This estimate includes both direct costs related to diagnosis and treatment of illness, including doctor visits, medications, hospitalizations, and nursing home stays and indirect costs resulting from lost wages and productivity due to illness or premature death 4 , The estimate is based on the costs of obesity and does not fully address the costs related to those who are overweight but not obese.
It also does not take into account other significant and costly conditions associated with obesity, such as reduced physical functioning, sleep apnea, pregnancy complications, and cataracts. Using a conservative approach, Thompson et al. The prevention and treatment of excess weight is critical for the health of both individuals and our society.
Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians screen patients for obesity and offer intensive counseling and behavioral interventions All patients should be encouraged to maintain a healthy weight by eating a nutritious diet and exercising regularly to balance energy intake and energy expenditure. Individuals who are overweight should be assisted in losing weight gradually with a focus on long-term weight loss and maintenance. A variety of approaches can be effective in treating excess weight, and detailed guidelines have been created for providers to help patients with weight management Lifestyle interventions have proven effective in preventing and treating obesity 21 , 55 and its health consequences With this aim, a variety of resources have been developed to address the issues of overweight and obesity at the community and population levels 57 , Multilevel interventions are needed if we are to stem the epidemic and prevent the growing negative consequences of overweight and obesity.
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Atlanta: U. Preventive Services Task Force Screening for obesity in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med : — National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the evidence report.
National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 6 Suppl 2 : 51S — S. Arch Intern Med : — A prospective study of 48, men and women. Natl Vital Stat Rep 52 : 1 — Am J Epidemiol : — A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of to N Engl J Med : — Circulation 80 : — Circulation 86 : — Int J Epidemiol 18 : — The Dormont High School follow-up study, — to — Chan JM , et al Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men.
Diabetes Care 17 : — Lundgren H , Bengtsson C , Blohme G , Lapidus L , Sjostrom L Adiposity and adipose tissue distribution in relation to incidence of diabetes in women: results from a prospective population study in Gothenburg, Sweden.
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